From my experience, the most popular software for the small shop is Mastercam. One of the reasons is that it is better at programming a number of different machine types; Esprit may be better for Wire EDM (at least, marginally, IMO), but Mastercam is better at mills, lathes, etc.
For medium to large shops, Mastercam, Gibbs, and Pro-E seem to be the standards; Autocad is probably most often used for pure CAD.
For large and very large companies, CATIA, Unigraphics PGDS, I-deas, Autocad, and others are the norm for CAD, and some of them have CAM packages available; again, Mastercam is not unusual as the CAM package of choice.
While I'm not really a Mastercam partisan (I'm primarily a Wire EDM guy, and I like PEPSWIRE for that, though both Mastercam and Esprit are quite good), I do appreciate its versatility; I don't know of any machine tool type that it is not used successfully for; and this is probably why it is so widely used.
There are probably dozens, if not hundreds, of less expensive programs available; some are good, some quite good, and some suck. Your question, I believe, was about popularity; and that is what I replied to.
BTW, some Mastercam distributors offer something called a "Student Pack"; it's about $250, and includes a copy of Mastercam Draft (the CAD end), several manuals, and a fantastic college level textbook-tutorial; so if you want to learn the basics, I recommend this; any files you create are exportable in a number of formats; and it imports most of the major formats.