Shop rate is confusing sometimes. The guys in california do get more, and they have to with the cost of living out there. But the best way I can decribe it to my people is. Anyone can buy an 8" chuck lathe and that's were they start. And I believe that by and large that most parts made are small parts. If you can buy big machines, well there just aren't very many of them compared to small machines, which takes the pressure off of the shop owner's shop rate. I have a friend that has a job shop and all he bought from day one was big stuff, and in my humble opinion junk at that and he get's on average about $185 per hour and pays he help between $7 and $12. If anyone is going to start a shop, buy big and make money or buy small and work your ass off 7 days a week. My integrexes make me about $90 an hour and 1 guy (me or the wife) run 3 machines. It's all in how you do it. Humble opinion!!!