three directions come to mind:
talk to a powder coater. there are allot of specialized coatings, these could be sprayed on with a mask,
die cuts, a flexible material fabricator, ie someone diecutting foam, rubber, etc, typhically a 3M distributor, is who to talk to. you need the right combination of adhesive films and elastomer film. the right film may be a urethane, santoprene [tpe], vinyl, silicone, natural rubber, synthetic rubber, etc etc etc. there are lots of potential options but it also depends on availability and compatability to adhesive layer, etc. Note, they laminate the adhesive to the film, so you can customize the combination, you don't have to look for a finished package.
watch for shrinkage of the film. Vinyl will shrink especially, so if you had a flat piece stuck to your aluminum, with the edges showing, you could get a sticky perimeter line due to the film shrinking.
plastisol coatings, these can be silkscreened onto a flat surface and then baked. Plastisols are typhically vinyl, but can be "rubber" and nylon. this can be a multi layer system, say first a primer, then a flat base coat, then a half tone screen which would create a dot pattern. plastisol is what is used on plier handles.
overmolding, this is where you would compression mold or injection mold a material over your plate. The possibility here is the ability to get a very good bond and also mold a texture or pattern into the flexibly layer. the flexible material could be a santoprene [tpe] vulcanized rubber, etc. this can be a simple or sophisticated operation. as simple a flat platen in a press and hand placed uncured rubber, to a injection molding machine.
many years ago I had a client who built automation for sewing machines, they were paying a fortune for custom molded urethane matts for catching fabric pieces. I suggested switching to a die cut gum rubber sheeting, which had the same grippyness and was far cheaper. however it did degrade in a year or so from the flouresent lighting.