In the states, the code doesn't directly control the limit, which is up to your local power utility and public "agency having jurisdiction". In fact, the (latest revision of) National Electric Code is not universally adopted in all all jurisdictions. However, the code does restrict wiring methods at higher voltages (600V and above in particular calls for specific details).
It would be truly exceptional for a US residence to have anything but a 240V nominal three-wire, single-phase service. There simply isn't any residential equipment which requires a higher supply voltage. Some really archaic installations might be 120V nominal. The only other exceptions I can think of would be very high-end residences where the architect specified large commercial HVAC or kitchen equipment requiring higher voltage supplies.
While essentially nobody has a higher voltage supply, there is no blanket prohibition on higher voltages in residential settings. If I had requested a 480V service for my shop, located on a residential property, there would have been no code issue.