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OT - Costly drugs force life-death decisions

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Too_Many_Tools

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May 5, 2003
I am posting this article for discussion where I think we might see some useful discussion.

In my own extended family, we have seen three individuals in the last five years affected by this trend of very expensive treatments...many times experimental...to hopefully extend life with no guarantee of quality of life.

In each of their cases, the decision was made not to spend extraordinary resources for only limited improvement of their final days.

Your thoughts on a subject that you and your family will likely face in the future?

TMT


Costly drugs force life-death decisions By JEFF DONN, Associated Press Writer

Dying of lung cancer, Carolyn Hobbs tried a new biotechnology drug that produced an unanticipated side effect: acute sticker shock. She was waiting for her second treatment in a hospital near Denver less than two years ago, when someone from the business office marched in to warn that her share would cost more than $18,000, since the drug wasn't insured for her type of cancer.

How to decide?

In her six decades, she had shared in a long marriage, raised three children, worked in a nursing home, painted as a hobby — and wasn't ready to leave it all behind. But she was also a careful spender who sometimes returned new clothes to the store, deciding she didn't really need them.

Maybe this new drug, Erbitux, could extend her life by a small fraction, but she wouldn't be cured. "She was just very frugal, and she said it wasn't worth it," her husband Larry remembers.

So she refused the treatment.

More patients are confronting this wrenching decision, as the latest generation of pricier cancer drugs and heart implants stretches out the final months of advanced disease. Is the chance for several more months of life — maybe a year or more with luck — precious enough to spend a small fortune? This dilemma is also challenging governments, employers and insurers, who all help finance America's longer life spans and innovative technologies.

Extraordinary care for dying patients can make for inspiring medicine, but its extraordinary costs make it an increasingly debated choice to promote public health. Many economists, doctors, and ethicists say this care too often buys too little for too much — and that its expanding share of medical resources might better pay for screening and treating diseases in earlier stages.

Already, up to 30 percent of annual payments by federal Medicare insurance go to the 5 percent of members in their last year of life, research shows.

"People still have an underlying belief that there's an infinite amount of resources that can be invested in health care," says Dr. Harlan Krumholz, a Yale University heart specialist who studies quality of care. "But I think we're coming to a realization that we're going to need to confront these issues explicitly."

Maybe so, but any retreat from last-resort care still raises objections from many patients, doctors and medical companies. They denounce "rationing" of care and defend expensive treatments for the dying as a moral imperative.

___

Within the last decade, an array of expensive new treatments has given some patients their first real fighting chance against common diseases once routinely called "terminal." These treatments include:

• Cancer drugs manufactured in living cells, instead of beakers. These biotech drugs target just diseased tissue, unlike chemotherapy. Thanks to these drugs, some late-stage colon and blood cancers are no longer hopeless.

• Implants that help the heart pump blood. These devices — the most common is the left-ventricular assist — are heir to decades of research in artificial heart technology. They provide an option for some patients with failing hearts.

Some of these therapies, like the biotech drug Gleevec for leukemia or implanted defibrillators for some heart problems, work wonders in many patients. The trouble with many treatments, though, is that average patients gain only several more months of life, studies have found. A lucky few may survive for years, so many seek treatment in the hope of beating the odds.

"Very few people, when told of a potential life-saving intervention, will not be willing to listen. So the question is now: not whether it will help or not, but who pays?" says Dr. A. Mark Fendrick, at the University of Michigan.

Whoever pays, costs are up. This care costs several times more than the older treatments it supplements or replaces. A last-resort cancer drug can cost up to $50,000 a year — if patients survive that long — with insurance typically picking up at least two-thirds. A mechanical heart pump can cost more than $200,000, with hospital care.

Reports of these breakthroughs, which often fail to mention the price, may have intensified the distinctly American tendency to view death almost as a personal choice, suggest doctors and ethicists.

"I have two small children, and dying right now is not an option," colon cancer patient Rebecca Dague, of Medina, Ohio, said recently.

Faced with such a disease, more than a third of Americans now would want "everything possible" done to save their lives, up from just over a fifth in 1990, according to a poll by the Pew Research Center for the People and the Press.

For many on the brink of death, the choice of desperate measures is hardly a choice at all. "It's better to pay the money than sleeping with the worms," said Jake Rogers, 62, of Chicago, of his implanted left-ventricular assist device. His doctors implanted a second one in June, when his first wore out after 15 months.

From their first day of medical school, doctors are trained to do their utmost for patients like Rogers. "I think probably there's more tolerance for high cost at the end of life, when all the options have been exhausted," says cost analyst Milton Weinstein, at the Harvard School of Public Health. "I think there's a moral force that causes us to want to do anything we can, irrespective of the cost."

While doctors advocate for the interest of dying patients, they may also be subtly swayed by earning their livings partly from providing this care. And many patients don't fret, because they are insulated from huge payouts by insurance.

Robert Graham, 73, of East Brandywine, Pa., chuckled when he heard the high price — up to $250,000 — of heart pumps like the one implanted in him last November. It was covered by insurance.

"I got to live a long time to be worth that!" he said. Yet the average patient in the best medical test so far lived less than nine more months.

Federal safety regulators do not regulate the price of end-of-life treatments. They evaluate only if drugs or devices work, not how well they work for their prices.

Medicare, which insures about 80 percent of dying Americans, makes no acknowledged evaluation of cost in deciding what to cover. It is not allowed to negotiate for lower drug prices. Its coverage umbrella sets a standard for private insurers.

Under such pressures, the $1.9 trillion spent on U.S. health care in 2004 will balloon to $4 trillion by 2015, federal forecasters project. In that year, health spending, which claimed 16 percent of the economy in 2004, would consume 20 percent and cost the average American $12,400.

Some believe the country can afford to spend even more — and that it's worth it. Others fear a crash, with insurance perhaps turning into a luxury item. Nearly everyone, though, agrees there's an upper limit somewhere on the horizon.

"So far, we've given everything to everybody," says economist Lester Thurow of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "We haven't made the tough choices yet."

___

Yet choices are being made every day, case by case.

Some insurers refuse to cover a treatment. Doctors send patients home to die, sometimes out of mercy. Some patients say enough is enough.

Dr. David Johnson, at Nashville's Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center in Tennessee, pitched Erbitux to his brother-in-law, a 57-year-old married truck driver with advanced colon cancer. However, the drug has barely been proven to extend average survival at all.

The doctor remembers his brother-in-law refusing and saying: "Are you stupid? I'm not giving up my limited resources."

The drug's marketer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, did not reply to repeated requests for comment.

Employers and insurers are discreetly controlling costs through premiums, deductibles, co-payments, caps, and even outright exclusions. "Benefit costs would go through the roof if there were no considerations given to the costs," says Karen Ignagni, president of the trade group America's Health Insurance Plans.

Despite official denials, the federal Medicare program makes subtle cost evaluations, says Dr. William Maisel, a Boston heart specialist who chairs a federal committee on cardiac devices. "I think they are concerned about people using the term `rationing' or `withholding therapies,'" says Maisel, at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center.

One way to control costs, without saying "no," is to keep reimbursements low. For example, Medicare's $140,000 reimbursement last year for heart pumps is widely acknowledged as below-market.

"We can't say, `No,' explicitly. We say, `Yes, but,'" explains Peter Neumann, who runs a Tufts University center on medical cost-effectiveness in Boston.

Yes, but start with a cheaper drug, get prior authorization, or make a bigger co-payment.

Or, for the 45 million uninsured: Yes, but go to the emergency room and rely on charity for extended care. The nonprofit Patient Advocate Foundation reports that nearly half of its cases or requests for help involved co-payments last year, up from just 5 percent in 2002.

"If you've got a thick wallet or a full purse, you can get any care you want. If you don't, there's rationing for you," says former U.S. Health Secretary Joseph Califano, who later dealt with escalating health costs as a board member at Chrysler Corp.

"We're going to have to think very hard about how to provide some of these truly exotic treatments," he adds.

___

Many now press for more systematic thinking about cost controls applied by insurers, hospitals, and policy makers. They say medical guidelines should more strongly steer older, sicker patients — and other inappropriate candidates — away from the most expensive treatments.

Cost-effectiveness analyses should be applied, they say. One common approach calculates the cost of a treatment for each year of life it saves. Many health economists view $50,000-to-$100,000 as a reasonable upper limit for what public and private insurers should pay.

Such calculations include adjustments for lost quality of life. For example, a heart pump is clearly less valuable if it puts a patient in the hospital for three of his last five months with a miserable infection.

Heart pumps were first used as a temporary bridge to a heart transplant and only approved as regular implants in 2003. About 1,000 were implanted last year, but the ultimate annual market is estimated in the tens of thousands. Yet an analysis last year put their cost-effectiveness at between $500,000 and $1.4 million per year.

Even one of their pioneers, Dr. Eric Rose at Columbia University, concedes that would make their value "more than challengeable," but he expects improvements.

"It's hard for me to justify in a society that's falling short in basic health care," adds heart doctor Steven Nissen, at the Cleveland Clinic, a federal adviser who voted against expanding use of heart pumps beyond patients waiting for a transplant.

Dr. Barry Straube, who heads the Medicare unit that decides what to cover, believes "it would be helpful in setting priorities when we have limited budgets to look at cost-effectiveness."

Take also the example of the new biotech drug Avastin, which treats colon cancer for about $4,400 a month. Effectiveness? It is proven to extend average life by up to five months. In a survey this year, only one-fourth of 139 cancer doctors felt that represents "good value."

Genentech, which makes Avastin, believes its drug prices provide reasonable value to patients and powerful financial motivation in-house to improve treatments for a terrible disease, says Walter Moore, a company vice president. However, he says Genentech may impose its own lifetime cap on a patient's charges for Avastin.

For now, many hospitals partner with drug companies to treat dying patients for free, especially in the early stages of testing. Dr. Roy Herbst, at the M.D. Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, says the price of biotech drugs has forced the subject of cost into his discussions with colleagues for the first time.

"If we lost $30 million a year on Avastin, those are things that couldn't go into research and support programs," he says.

Others, too, question the current priorities of U.S. medicine.

"We've prioritized end-of-life care as more important than preventive care or chronic care," says Dr. John Santa, medical director for the Center for Evidence-based Policy in Portland, Ore.

Doctors, says University of Pennsylvania heart surgeon Dr. Michael Acker, should keep away from "high-tech, expensive technology just to postpone the inevitable."

"In the highest-benefit patient, you don't get that much benefit, and it costs a lot," adds Alan Garber, a Stanford University doctor and economist who chairs a Medicare coverage advisory panel and questions the value of both heart pumps and Erbitux.

Carolyn Hobbs' husband disagrees, at least in her case.

Though she initially refused Erbitux because of cost, she ultimately arranged to get that drug and three other biotech drugs for free, with help from her doctor, hospital, Medicare and the drug industry. Her husband says she managed to keep a reasonable quality of life, even through most of her final months.

She died in November. To this day, her husband isn't quite sure how much was spent.

___

EDITOR'S NOTE — Jeff Donn often covers medicine as the AP's Northeast writer, based in Boston
 
health doesn't come from drugs

we need to build up immunity

the thought of re-incarnation helps (144 year cycle)

everybody thinks of himself only in terms of a physical body and a single life

I never lived one lifetime without believing in reincarnation and remembering several pastlifetimes

the logic of reincarnation is as follows:

everyone believes the soul is eternal
if the soul is eternal, then the mind is eternal as well, because it is an attribute of the soul

if themind is eternal, then memory is eternal, becuase it is an attribute of the mind

we need to build up immunities over several life times

drugs for health care a temporary fix in my opinion, but I use them, too, but they don't help build up immunity

so if drugs don't work, I will not be disappointed ebcause I see a much larger and hughely different picture then the present day human crowd of young souls that don't even know of reincarnation from their onw experiences

just my 2 cents
 
Since I saw my beloved step-father go down to
liver cancer I feel I am qualified to speak on the subject. The facts, when Kaiser diagnosed
him they said he had 3-6 months to live, he died
right in the middle at 4 1/2 months. Kaiser even
used experimental treatments to save him, unusual
for an HMO. Honestly I did not read the whole
first post of this topic. I believe in euthanasia
and a person should be afforded a comfortable
passing when they are terminal, I have been the
guy on the spot to make those decisions twice now
and they are tough. Tough call here, there are
a lot of people that don't pay medical insurance,
and count on goverment services to take care
of them. I know self-employed people making
good money that still "cook the books" and
take earned income credit, and free medical
from the government, when they could afford
to pay for it all themselves, is that fair, no!
Should such individuals suffer do to poor medical
care, tough question? I say yes! Then people
will learn to pay their medical insurance.
I know too many people that have bought big
screen TV's, new cars, etc,etc that don't have
medical insurance, when a tragedy happens
they just don't pay the bill, I say screw them!
In this country no one can be turned away when
a medical emergency arrises, a lot of deadbeats
take advantage of that, go ahead liberals,
flame me!,.................Bob
 
Important topic, but just too far from OT guidelines toward "rant with no real solution" topic...plus had a complaint from member about too much OT here, so closing this one.
 
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