About all I can say is it looks mid 19th century English.......... It's nice. Can you post more pictures and maybe measure some thread sizes and see if they match any standards.
This photo of treadle lathe I find in internet. This lathe is exhibit in Moscow Polytechnic Museum. On the annotation you can read: "Treadle lathe beginning of XX century".
That lathe from the museum is a lot earlier than the beginning of the 20th century, probably closer to mid 1800s around the 1850s based on the features is my guess
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